How is a valid hit determined in fencing?

A valid hit in fencing is determined based on specific criteria that include the type of weapon used, the designated target area, and the manner in which the hit is executed according to the rules of fencing. Each weapon—foil, épée, and sabre—has its own target area and rules regarding valid hits, which are crucial for the determination of points scored during a bout. For instance, a hit with a foil must land on the torso of the opponent, while in épée, the entire body is a valid target, and in sabre, only the upper body counts. Additionally, the action must be legal; this means the hit must be delivered with proper technique and in accordance with the rules, such as not being preceded by an infringement or violation of the fencing code.

This structured approach ensures that the integrity of the sport is maintained, and hits are accurately recognized and rewarded. Other aspects mentioned in the incorrect choices, like the loudness of the hit sound, the reaction of spectators, or checking the fencer's equipment first, do not play a role in the officiating process of valid hits.