How do referees determine a valid touch in epee fencing?

In epee fencing, a valid touch is indeed determined by the principle that any touch made on the opponent’s body is considered valid, regardless of how the touch is executed. This rule stems from the unique aspect of epee fencing where there is no right of way; instead, the objective is simply to score a point by landing a hit on valid target areas, which include the entire body.

This means that as long as a fencer hits their opponent while both are in a position where a valid touch can be made, it counts, regardless of the technique used—be it a lunge, parry, or any other action. The lack of restrictions on the technique distinguishes epee from other disciplines of fencing. Thus, simply making a touch on the opponent without interference is enough for it to be considered valid.

Other options suggest limitations or additional requirements that do not align with the fundamental rules of epee.